Compatibilism entails determinism, so theres no mystery here. [neu.] God even gave me the faith that joins me up to Jesus. The prefixpro is used in Ephesians 1:4, 5, 9, 11 to connote a divine decree before the foundation of the world. Gen2:23 "this" refers to bone, not rib. It.in this case is referring to faith itself. First, some believe that since unregenerate people are " dead in sin ," they cannot even exercise faith. Timestamp: 10:33. After all, the divine pre-preparation may simply have been God commanding them. While it is true that on rare Typo in cover letter of the journal name where my manuscript is currently under review. predicate nom. Abraham Kuruvilla, Ephesians: A Theological Commentary for Preachers, (Wipf and Stock, 2015), n. 29, p. 62. Series Latina) Jerome Vol 26 Col 470A-B [577]- Col 471A-C [579] athttp://books.google.com/books?id=UfkUAAAAQAAJaccessed on 1 October 2016. [28], Standing us apart from good deeds can only be a reference to not from works (v9).
Ephesians 2:8-9 ESV - For by grace you have been | Biblia 20. But that didnt mean I was eager to surrender a reading that had been so important to my early faith. Addendum In Epist. Victorinus: "The whole power of someone who believes in Christ rests in the grace of God. preceding section, 2:4-8a, and especially 2:8a, F. F. Bruce: the pronoun is neuter, and does not necessarily refer to faith. 10. (Commentarius in apostolorum facta et epistolas Pauli. 2. Philip Schaff, ed., Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers: First Series, Volume XIII, (Coismo, 2007), Chrysostom, Homilies on Ephesians, Homily IV, on Eph. Sinners are made alive with Christ, and are saved by grace (2:5). For he who imagines that the reward [meritum] was merited by his works, wants the reward to be of his own doing (dont ask me how) and not of the one who bestowed itand this is boasting." In that case, if referred to faith in 2:8, to say The Loeb Classical Library: Plato IV, trans. Ad Ephesios, Vers. 8, Col 1056-1057; trans. ESV Text Edition: 2016. salvation-by-grace-through-faith (Ephesians, 343).17. 1:28; see also 1 Cor. I was looking at this last night, and I noticed that the word "gift" is also neuter in form. [neu. They acknowledge that the reconciliation of Scriptural texts affirming human freedom and contingency with Scriptural texts affirming divine sovereignty is inscrutable. Charles J. Ellicott, ed., A New Testament Commentary for English Readers: Vol. (4) Tautology (favors d). these are bestowed on man through Gods grace, one must acknowledge Fictional Representation of a Gay Christian Teen: Colours by Patty Guthrie. Works are not a condition of the gift of faith. Answer Salvation by grace through faith is at the heart of the Christian religion. [11]Augustine (AD 354AD 430),On the Predestination of the Saints, Book 1 Chapter 12 in P Schaff (ed),NPNF1, 5:504. Ephesians 2:8-9New Living Translation. Regarding faith as the gift of God in Ephesians 2:8-9 has ample support to merit the label catholic, even if the mature Augustinian doctrine of predestination does not.[31]. [12]Theodoret of Cyrrhus (c. AD 393c. There are several reasons this idea is taught, none of which hold merit. Such a view does not preclude the notion that for faith to save, the Spirit of God must initiate the conversion process.
Where does faith come from? | GotQuestions.org Thanks. I am guilty of many errors. Reformed Evangelicals love this passage, using it to explain what sits at the heart of the gospelthe relationship between grace, faith, and works in salvation. [fem. [4]Herodotus,The Histories, 3.82[1], 4.23[3]; Plato,Protagoras, 352b, 357c; idem,Republic, 9.583e, idem,Theaetetus, 145d; Xenophon,Hiero, 9.9; Demosthenes,Against Aphobus for Phanos 3, Oration 29[11], idem,Orations 2: Olynthiac 2[15], idem,Against Leptinesm, 20 [140]. It would make Photius thus equates good deeds with works. What is the number of ways to spell French word chrysanthme ? It is the gift, unless he had come, unless he had called, we would not have obeyed. 50. Verse 10 also teaches that God has prepared beforehand these good works. Published Series Graeca)Volume 124 Theophylact of Bulgaria Volume 2: Commentarius in Joannis Evangelium (contd. Further reflection yielded other questions. So are we saved by good works after all? Being saved is the . [fem.] 23. 43. 2. @davidbrainerd You are correct that "this" refers to neither "grace" nor "faith", which are both femenine. In any case it cannot refer to faith which only man himself exercises. b) refers to salvation by grace, including faith.2 This is the position taken by Marius Victorinus (fl. 4-7, and it is then 47. You look at a Bible text on the screen. for Greek scholarship judged that the words it is the gift of God Daniel J. Harrington, S.J., (Liturgical Press, 2008), pp. Charles Supf., (Whittaker and Co., 1848), p. I have been crucified with Christ. [18]E Best,Ephesians: ICC (London/New York: T & T Clark, 1998), 226. 27. (3) The consensus of modern commentators. hold the opinion that faith itself originates within ourselves and Matthew 6:9-13), but faith is not a direct gift from God given to some and not to others. In his Exegetical Syntax book, p 335, footnote 53, he writes: On an exegetical level, I am inclined to agree with Lincoln that in Pauls thinking Therefore this answers the question: It is FAITH THAT IS THE GIFT OF GOD, which is given to us by grace, a free gift to whomever accepts IT. works, making this in 2:8 also refer to salvation (Thielman, faith] alone be sufficient to save [us], unless God is pleased to receive us through it?: Exegis eis tas praxeis ton apostolon kai eis tas epistolas tu Paulu. [3]For detailed discussion of the 15 examples and others see https://sites.google.com/site/mattolliffe/articles/is-faith-gods-gift-10ephesians-28-9-the-grammatical-issues. 42.
life, but approving mere faith, God bestowed on us forgiveness of E. C. Marchant, (William Heinemann, 1946), Hiero, IX.9, pp. You must consider the fact that the letter originally was written in an ancient language. 1. The process of salvation. This is a good theological answer to the question but would you be willing to revise this answer to include a bit more analysis of the text to support its theological suppositions and assertions? 32: Prosper of Aquitaine: Defense of St. Augustine, trans. You watch his pen "draw out" meaning. of Christ you should not only believe in him ( ) Faith is not a divine gift from God. thing which lies with us. 17, pp. Philip Buttmann: "can never can be considered as a particular dialect; for the continued in the main to be Attic, and hence Atticism is the principal object of every Greek grammar." I knew that other passages taught that our believing response to God is enabled by God if this one didnt (see e.g. It says all scripture is inspired of God. Used by permission of Tyndale House Publishers, Inc., Carol Stream, Illinois 60188. A. Rahlfs, (Wrttembergische Bibelanstalt, 1935; repr. (this) has a grammatical gender of neuter in Greek.
Ephesians 2:8-9 ESV - For by grace you have been saved - Bible Gateway Charles Hodge, A Commentary on the Epistle to the Ephesians, (R. Carter and Brothers, 1866), pp. Unsurprisingly, the word translated prepared beforehand also appears in Romans 9:23, in a context which suggests divine predestination. [mas.] Identifying large-ish wires in junction box. Now, we are not born with this grace like robots but it is available to us IF AND WHEN, we accept it. Only three modern commentators agree with the incumbent ancient understanding, and they all died last century! Works are human achievements, human effort, good works, plain and simple. J. Armitage Robinson, St. Pauls Epistle to the Ephesians: Second Edition, (Macmillan and Co., 1909), pp. [neu.] own to save, except if God wished to save through faith. 49. how, saith he, shall they believe, unless they hear? (Rom. S. M. Baugh (who sees this as evidence for b): In Greek, events as a whole are treated as neuter singular things with It is also used for a sentence, clause or content. S. M. Baugh, Ephesians: Evangelical Exegetical Commentary, (Lexham Press, 2016), pp. Does 1Corinthians 1:30 Imply Imputed Righteousness? ], 225[Eng.]. [mas.] Be careful with your statements (or just don't post any); consider where the English actually came from. [neu. Frantic at missing the evangelist, he decided to ask one of the workers what he could do to be saved. been saved by means of our works, perhaps we have been saved by means 11. 9 Salvation is not a reward for the good things we have done, so none of us can boast about it. II. ], 19[Eng.]. 41. Faith is not something produced by our own power. The far less-common word for "gift" used here is , with for "grace". For example, verse 9 doesnt say good works but worksthe adjective good is only found in verse 10. For by grace you have been saved through faith, and that not of yourselves; it is the gift of God, not of works, lest anyone should boast.. neuter demonstrative10. It is no longer I who live, but Christ who lives in me. BEST VALUE in digital Bible study. Therefore to abolish Your email address will not be published. II., Vers. Is there any potential negative effect of adding something to the PATH variable that is not yet installed on the system?
Faith: A Gift From God Sermon by Kevin Keeling, Ephesians 2:8 Does that (touto) refer to faith, as many have stated (e.g., Augustine, Chrysostom, Lenski, et al. Interestingly, Paul doesnt use justification terminology at all in these verses. human capacity or exertion but as Gods gift. 22. February 16, 2021 Lab by John Piper Founder & Teacher, desiringGod.org What is Look at the Book? The good works do not derive from the believer as they are planned and purposed by God, and therefore they cannot be said to merit salvation or faith. Nestle-Aland Greek New Testament: 28th Edition, (Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 2012). Faith is presented as a gift from God in 2 Peter 1:1, Philippians 1:29, and Acts 3:16. John 3:3 is the beginning of receiving that faith. Mark J. Edwards, (InterVarsity Press, 2005), on Eph. 450-451. III, (Cassell and Company, 1897), p. 26; G. B. Caird, Pauls Letters From Prison, (Oxford University Press, 1976), p. 53; Brooke F. Westcott, Saint Pauls Epistle to the Ephesians, (Macmillan and Co., 1906), p. 32. better sense to say that salvationthe whole packageis not of Examine, for example, the following passages from the remainder of the book. 1, Art. For detailed analysis see https://sites.google.com/site/mattolliffe/articles/is-faith-gods-gift-ephesians-28-9-chrysostom. [neu.] Charles Hodge, A Commentary on the Epistle to the Ephesians, (R. Carter and Brothers, 1866), pp. The NT repeatedly says that the gift of grace is given to the whole world or every man, and the intentions of God are genuine in calling the world to repent. Faith, then, is our response to God's grace in saving us, but even that is not of ourselves; it is the gift of God. For less than $5/mo. The referent of gift in v.8 is pointing back to that grace alone, not the word feminine word grace, but the act of grace by God, that is the new covenant through the sacrifice. For details see https://sites.google.com/site/mattolliffe/articles/is-faith-gods-gift-ephesians-28-9-john-of-damascus. The first of For details see https://sites.google.com/site/mattolliffe/articles/is-fath-gods-gift-ephesians-28-9-fulgentius. "For by grace you have been saved through faith.
Is Faith a Gift of God? - Ephesians 2:8 Reconsidered If the latter qualifies , then so does the former, by By grace you are saved appears again (v8), but a new, human element is introducedthrough faith. This makes it more likely that the new element, faith, is the subject of verse 9. place (the pronominal subject is attracted to the gender of the The verse Ephesians 2:5 itself states the referent of the gift as grace; which should leave no doubt. components of the event are also referenced as originating not from This little passage became the reason to find a Protestant church, go to beach mission, and arrogantly share the gospel of free grace. Only (1Cor12:15: refers to content of saying not foot) & Phil 1:28 are relevant. Faith is the subjective means of obtaining the gift of salvation. For [Paul] adds, And this is not You may unsubscribe from Bible Gateways emails at any time. ]34, Demosthenes, Against Aphobus, 3.29.11: 8God saved you by his grace when you believed. A gift is not earned by some good deed or kind word, and it is not given because the giver expects a gift in returnunder any of those conditions, a gift would not be a gift. Holy Bible, New Living Translation, copyright 1996, 2004, 2015 by Tyndale House Foundation. ]39, Leviticus 11:4-7: [mas.] @narnian very interesting. A. T. Murray, (Harvard University Press, 1984), Against Aphobus, III.XXIX.11, pp. Start for FREE. If you made your reasoning from the English translation, your conclusion will be on slippery ground. in 2:9 that "faith is not of works is tautological. Read full chapter. ): 5. Our modern grammars and commentaries should be revised to reflect that reality. John 20:31). of , but of the implied it in the One of the favorite passages cited in this connection is Ephesians 2:8: "For by grace you have been saved through faith; and that not of yourselves, it is the gift of God" (NASB). And this is not your own doing; it is the gift of God, 9 not a result of works, so that no one may boast. For let us have it established that faith is our own: How could it [i.e. [21]It is not either/or but both/and. But even in this faith, divine antecedents, or otherwise showing that antecedent and demonstrative
Ephesians 2:8 For it is by grace you have been saved through faith, and Matt Olliffe, Is Faith Gods Gift? [neu. TGCA exists to encourage and assist Australian Christians to remain convinced of the truth and power of the gospel, to commend and contend for the gospel in our lives and our ministries, and to foster connections between individuals, churches, and other ministries so that we can most effectively advance the gospel in Australia. Does Ephesians 2:8-9 teach that faith is a gift from God? Ephesians 2:8. 8b (also, for example: 6:1; 1 Cor 6:6, 8; Phil 1:22, 28; Col 3:20; 1 Gordon Clark, Ephesians, (Trinity Foundation, 1985), p. 73; William E. Jelf, A Grammar of the Greek Language: Vol. Faith cannot be the antecedent. [9]Chrysostom (c. AD 349AD 407),Homilies on Ephesians IV, in P Schaff (ed)NPNF1, 13:67-68, accessed athttp://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf113.iii.iv.v.htmlon 12 August 2016; Greek Text from J-P Migne (ed),Patrologia Graeca(Patrologiae Cursus Completus. @JackDouglas: I do not believe John 6:29 (in the context of John 6) indicates faith is a work done by people there, either (and so does not contradict the statement made here about Eph 2:8). occasions there is a gender shift between antecedent and pronoun, the Hoehner observes that frequently points backwards, not Grace from God that allows both gentiles and Jews and faith from us, the people. The heavenly inheritance is found in Christ (1:11). "This" is neuter, as is "gift". [fem.] You have neither part nor lot in this matter, for your heart is not right before God. Therefore the wholeness of the first sentence, the spiritual formula for salvation, is the gift. There are many who teach that the gift of Reading commentaries and learning Greek revealed thatin technical languagethe demonstrative translated this (v8) is neuter, but the noun for faith is feminine. It is a gift of salvation. Freely you received, freely give. Is faith the gift of God, or is this gift salvation by grace through faith? III, (Lee and Shepard, 1877), p. 94; Heinrich A. W. Meyer, Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the New Testament: The Epistle to the Ephesians and the Epistle to Philemon, trans. 233-234. 8 For zby grace you have been saved athrough faith. First, Classical Greek literature, the Septuagint, and the New Testament, provide evidence that this can indeed refer to faith. Be sure to take our. reason. Ancient exegetes said that it was the faith itself. 2:11-22; and 3:14 referring to 3:1-13. Ephesians 2:8English Standard Version. When no clear antecedent is found within a text, Greek scholar William Mounce wisely recommends that the Bible student study the context of the passage in question in order to help determine to what the relative pronoun (like that) is referring (1993, p. 111). ii) The antecedent of the demonstrative is grace (, feminine). Septuaginta, ed. rev2023.7.7.43526. 542. [25]However, we might consider that faith is not from works in that no works merit the divine granting of faith. ], 383[Eng.]. the faith and the righteousness of the faithful.44, All we bring to grace is our faith. 33. therefore, as erroneous to attribute the unbelief of the godless to 36. It's the closest parallel to Eph2:8. predicate nom. [21]Migne, PG, 118:1192B-1193B. [neu.] 21 This answer on C.SE referenced Eph 2:8-9 to support the idea that faith comes from God. Anyone who departs from true faith will not "It" doesn't refer to either noun, but to the verb "saved." ]26, iii) In contemporaneous extra-Biblical Greek literature.27, Herodotus, The Histories, 3.82: I'm not well-enough informed to form a solid argument about what that implies, but I do think it lends support to rejects the first option ("it"=="grace"). [fem.] 584[Gk. In the same way that repentance is granted by God (Acts 11:18; 2 Tim. For by grace you have been saved through faith. 4. [22]Augustine,On the Gift of Perseverance, 64, in Peter Holmes and Robert Ernest Wallis (trs), Benjamin B Warfield (rev), Philip Schaff (ed),NPNF1Vol 5, (Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co, 1887), revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight . Furthermore, in Ephesians, Paul doesnt use the justify words at allalthough Protestants often assume it does. Clearly salvation is the gift, other verses also say salvation is the gift of God. {In Epist. peers; and in them all the more remarkable, since personally they Admittedly, faith might be categorized as a gift from God in the broad sense in which all things come from God (e.g., the bread for which we work is an indirect gift from Godcf. [29]Thus, Ephesians 2:8-10 teaches that we are not given saving faith by good works, but with the purpose that we do good works. Additional considerations: Robert Reymond: "It is permissible in Greek syntax for the neuter pronoun to refer antecedently to a feminine noun, particularly when it serves to render more prominent the matter previously referred to (seePhil. Show footnotes. [fem. For instance, in Philippians 1:29, we find this statement. have been saved, not of yourselves, it is the work of God, it would By submitting your email address, you understand that you will receive email communications from Bible Gateway, a division of The Zondervan Corporation, 3900 Sparks Drive SE, Grand Rapids, MI 49546 USA, including commercial communications and messages from partners of Bible Gateway. How to format a JSON string as a table using jq? }; Victorinus: "But again, lest anyone should be remiss in giving thanks to God, on seeing that he himself works out his salvation, it is added: For it is God who worketh in you according to your good will, both to will and to accomplish. Therefore work out your salvation, but this work itself is from God. As Paul wrote in his letter to the church at Rome, faith comes by hearing, and hearing by the word of God (Romans 10:17). 2:8). For this reason, then, for those for whom 18. The Loeb Classical Library: Herodotus II, trans. Read full chapter Ephesians 1 Ephesians 3 English Standard Version (ESV) The Holy Bible, English Standard Version. It seems that the gift of God is Christ as the Life giving Spirit indwells all the believers(Romans 8:9-11). His soteriology was more consonant with the interpretation of Ephesians 2:8-9 found in the East. [neu. [mas.] 3. Do you think the God of heaven could be capable of having everything he meant to say, said in one of, if not the first translation of His Word and called the authorized version? Moreover, there are also other 19th century grammars with equally long lists of examples as Kuyper" {Matt Olliffe, Is Faith Gods Gift? Faith justification is always distinguished by works by Paul, which is the very definition of grace (Rom 11:6, 3:27, 4:4). REPRODUCTION & DISCLAIMERS: We are happy to grant permission for this article to be reproduced in part or in its entirety, as long as our stipulations are observed. William P. Dickson, (T. & T. Clark, 1880), pp. Not only is the theme of salvation the overall context of the first three chapters of the book of Ephesians, but the immediate context of Ephesians 2:8-9 is salvation, not faith. ], 31[Eng.]. [19]Marcus Barth,Ephesians 13: AB Vol 34 (Garden City: Doubleday, 1974), 225); G B Caird,Pauls Letters from Prison: Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, Philemon, in the Revised Standard Version (Oxford: OUP, 1976), 53); E K Simpson, Commentary on the Epistle to the Ephesians, in E K Simpson and F F Bruce,Commentary on the Epistles to the Ephesians and Colossians: NICNT (Grand Rapids: Marshall Morgan & Scott/Eerdmans, 1957/1975), 54-55. Yet, it seems to me that it is more likely to attach "this" as part of the second phrase rather than the entire previous phrase. saved is not of yourselves, this does not run smoothly but jerks and of works. then, as if it were something new, to add, and this having been Then at university an MTS worker did Just For Starterswith me.
Faith is NOT a Gift from God (Ephesians 2:8) - Redeeming God believed, but we have come to belief after having been called, and Faith itself being a gift is an idea of Gnostic fatalism as introduced by a former Gnostic priest Augustine of Hippo, and others like himself who became the Church leaders within months of converting in order to save their lives. guilty of needless repetition for what else is grace but that The closest we get to it is seated with Christ in the heavenliesclearly a positional category (v6). By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. The Loeb Classical Library: Demosthenes I, trans. J.C. Ryle was converted simply by hearing it read in church. this he states and that not of yourselves. What is "the gift of God" in Ephesians 2:8? [7].
Faith Is a Gift - TMU And this not from yourself, it is the gift of God. Again, Perhaps the "not of yourselves" parenthetical obscures this. Let,s face it.before we were converted few of us had any idea of Spiritual things. indignity. z. Eph 2:5. a. 30. Ephesians 2:8-10 is well-known as Pauls doctrine of salvation in miniature. [neu. ); Commentary on Pauls letters, retrieved fromhttp://books.google.com/books?id=lzURAAAAYAAJon 7 October 2016, Col 1056B-1057A. of yourselves but it is a gift of God; not of works, lest anyone 11 Now faith is the assurance of things hoped for, the conviction of ]35, Demosthenes, Second Olynthiac, 15: The chapter is entitled Defective Learning, and can be accessed athttp://www.ccel.org/ccel/kuype the whole event; being saved by grace through faith. One implication of this proper understanding of (this) is that all the So you too Ephesians, because you have been saved, it is not from you, it is a gift of God. faith: and that not of yourselves, for it is the gift of God It is, The gospel or the act of grace is neither originated nor merited by man. 28. Being saved is a gift from God. After believing in, and acting upon, the good news of salvation through Christ, the Christians in Ephesus were sealed with the Holy Spirit of promise (1:13). If you have any questions, please review our Privacy Policy or email us at privacy@biblegateway.com. 113-114; The Expositors Greek Testament: Volume III, ed. You correctly point out that there is no "it" present. 14, p. 155. For details seehttps://sites.google.com/site/ [17]Calvin,Comm Ephesians, in CC 21:228-9. 16 S. M. Baugh, Ephesians: Evangelical Exegetical Commentary, (Lexham Press, 2016), pp. 8., p. 67; PG, 62:33-34.
The Gift of Faith - thechristianexplorer Bible Verses about Faith as Gift of God Playlist: Go to the Faith as Gift of God (topic) playlist Ephesians 2:8-10 For by grace you have been saved through faith, and that not of yourselves; it is the gift of God, not of works, lest anyone should boast. i) The antecedent of the demonstrative is faith (, feminine). 990), Theophylact (d. 1107), Thomas Aquinas (d. 1274), etc.7. By grace you have been saved . 1. In the context of Eph 2, the content or concept of the salvation, the gospel is the referent. A+B and AB are nilpotent matrices, are A and B nilpotent? }. [19]However, 19thcentury Greek grammars, steeped in the Classical literature from whichKoinGreek developed, articulate the rule that a neuter demonstrative can refer back to a masculine or feminine word[20]. not the predicate nom. This was an excellent answer until the anachronistic etymological section under "Paleontological Exegesis", which appears to read the English meaning of the word back into the Greek then justify it because they had the practice that came to be referenced by the English word. J. H. Vince, (Harvard University Press, 1954), Second Olynthiac, 15, pp. 3 Reasons that Some Believe Faith is a Gift from God Some teach that faith is unilaterally given by God to certain people as a gift. For God worketh in you, and He brings it about that you may thus will. Now so that the secret thought, If we have not
8 For by grace you have been saved through faith. ], 109[Eng.]. pronouns (e.g., Eph. If faith had been included in the gift of God then it would demolish the whole point of evangelism and mission to preach and persuade; since it begs the question as to why doesn't God gives the gift of faith to others?
What does it mean that salvation is by grace through faith? Ibid., 357C, pp. (the good seed, these are the sons of the kingdom). A. T. Robertson, A Grammar of the Greek New Testament in the Light of Historical Research: Fourth Edition, (Hodder & Stoughton, 1923), p. 704.
A Whole World Hangs on a Word | Desiring God not come, had He not called us, how had we been able to believe?
How Is Faith a Gift? | Ligonier Ministries {Stephen A. Cooper, Marius Victorinus Commentary on Galatians, (Oxford University Press, 2005), on Gal. through faith, added, And that not of yourselves, but it is the gift true salvation where there is no true faith, and, since this faith is Ephesians 2:8-9New King James Version. Augustines rejection of the near universal view of predestination according to foreseen virtue and embracing of absolute predestination made him the first thorough-going monergist. 342-343. (grace) has a grammatical gender of feminine in Greek. With God, results are all purposed; it need not be understood, when we predicate of Him a purpose in this manner, that it was His main or leading aim;but it was one of those things included in His scheme, which ranked among His purposes).
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