sudbury impact michigan

The uppermost bed in the succession consists of parallel-laminated, medium- to coarse-grained sandstone, approximately 80 cm thick. The uppermost portion of the accretionary lapillibearing interval is denoted by the increased abundance of coarse-grained, upper-flow-regime, parallel-laminated sandstone beds in which lapilli are restricted to thin, discontinuous beds, lenses, and single-clast-thick stringers in the sandstones. clasts; 4) bedded lapilli above accretionary lapilli and Roussell,DH and Jansons,KJ (editors) (2002) The Physical Comparison with Sudbury ejecta layers and theoretical considerations indicate that the spherules developed in the Burns formation do not represent grains deposited by a base surge and are most likely diagenetic in origin. Some have speculated that the impactor contained metals (Roussell and Jansons, 2002). 53rd Annual Meeting, Institute on Lake Superior Geology, Meteorite Impact :: Lakehead Region Conservation Authority 3). The discovery of shatter cones confirmed that a large meteorite impact caused the formation of the Sudbury Igneous Complex (Gibson, Spray 1998). To date, only one such cycle has been confirmed by Opportunity, but such a model predicts the cycle would be repeated as the level of the groundwater table fluctuated. The excellent size sorting on the scale of individual laminae is strongly suggestive of migrating eolian impact ripples. 2005, Squyres et al. A general model for deposition of accretionary lapillibearing and related units can be developed using data collected from sections through the impact deposit (Fig. enriched in nickel, copper and platinum-group elements (PGE), The scale of operations is huge. impact structure with complex regional geology, all preserved in the Proterozoic outlier of the Dead River basin. Empirical and theoretical comparisons of the Chicxulub and Sudbury Meteoritics & Planetary Science 41, A100). (2005) suggested that the Meridiani strata were formed by an impact-induced base surge, whereby an iron meteorite struck an area with buried sulfate-rich evaporite deposits. Although the basement topography at site #3 is unknown, a similar scenario is plausible there. The internal organization of units within the impact layer at Gunflint Lake is consistent with the sequence of events outlined on the table. Subsequently, other areas containing the layer have been identified (Pufahl et al. clasts; 4) bedded lapilli above accretionary lapilli and It was formed by ejection of bedrock during the impact event that created Victoria crater. 2005; Grotzinger et al. Movement of sediment in traction under turbulent flow can also lead to the development of bed forms, the migration of which may create scour surfaces, and multiple flow events may cause stacking of beds separated by hiatal surfaces. In this outcrop, the Sudbury impact assemblage rests on chert, which is highly fractured in places. A curving outcrop here allowed a series of sections to be compiled from the underlying basement to the top of the accretionary lapillirich layer (Fig. At many locations, a zone of displaced rubble, which may contain boulder-sized clasts, immediately overlies the fractured basement, separating it from the lapilli-bearing units. Here, we specifically consider the possibility that the Burns formation spherules formed as impact-induced accretionary lapilli, or from condensation. Sudbury ejecta layer (Cannon and Schulz, 2009). 2010), indicating decreasing flow velocities. Age (Ma) Further Finds in the Great Lakes States Sudbury basin, 2010); (2) chert grains; and (3) quartz grains. The Sudbury (2005) and Burt et al. Perhaps coincidentally, these deposits, still (2007), from two drill holes very near some of the lo-, calities described here. This assemblage of bed forms is somewhat similar to the progression of upper-flow-regime, parallel-lamination to type V and type III dunes described by Schmincke et al. Upper-flow-regime parallel-lamination and some antidunes formed from hydraulic jumps are still present. This was a huge meteorite, similar to the Hadeanbombardment, although it happened in the Archean. Sedimentology of the Paleoproterozoic ejecta layer from the E. Science and Technology. Weston High School was the first expansion school of impaCT. Meteorite impact-generated accretionary lapilli are not well studied. Furthermore, eroding sedimentary deposits expose ghost craters, formed at the time of deposition of these deposits (Malin and Edgett 2001), and, therefore, their associated ejecta must be part of the sedimentary record. These are initial dates. The impactite rock appears as shattered fragments of the Gunflint Iron Formation and chert (quartz rich cemented in a rusty matrix of volcanic ash). It is envisaged that localized topographic differences also played an important role in defining the type of accretionary lapillibearing successions that developed in the Sudbury impact deposits. Ejecta Deposits Distal ejecta from the Sudbury impact have been described from locations with distances from the center of the SIC ranging from 450 to 980 km in Michigan, Minnesota, and Ontario (Fig. At the McClure locality, west of the town of More than 1.400 records in the MINLIB bibliographic database refer to Sudbury. This type of stratification results from sediment limitation, forming low-relief bed forms produced by migrating impact ripples. Decreasing energy of the flow does not necessarily reflect proximal to distal positioning as topography exerted a major control on the energy level that existed during deposition. The Sudbury impact layer in the Paleoproterozoic iron ranges of The stratification and sorting characteristics of volcanic base surge deposits are largely determined by the particle concentration and velocity profiles across the flow-boundary zone from which the lithofacies aggrades (Branney and Kokelaar 2003). The contacta truncation surfaceis interpreted to represent deflation of the dune field down to the level of the groundwater table. Bay. (www.lpl. Visit the Turnstone Because of a large difference in mass between the lapilli and sand, the accretionary lapilli were probably remobilized from exposed accretionary lapilli layers and rolled in traction rather than transported into the area in suspension with the other material in the waning flow. Right) spherules here are highly dispersed relative to primary bedding features, including scour-related truncation surfaces and other stratigraphic disconformities. foreland basin is recorded in the early Proterozoic rocks of the veins in the footwall of the igneous complex. major industrial centre and focus of mining and metal The oval shape of the lapilli is due to deformation in this area. Ontario: two disconformities and a base surge debrisite. "Potential Recognition of Accretionary Lapilli in Distal Impact Deposits on Mars: A Facies Analog Provided by the 1.85 Ga Sudbury Impact Deposit", Sedimentary Geology of Mars, John P. Grotzinger, Ralph E. Milliken. One immediate use of the impact layer is as an ultraprecise time line that ties together the well-known stratigraphic sequences of the various geographically separated iron ranges, the correlation of which has remained controversial for many decades. Formations. File:SIR-B Sudbury Impact Crater.jpg - Wikipedia Most of the impact layer consists of brecciaa mixture of fragments broken from the underlying iron-formation and cemented together (Fig. The formation of these spherules also has been ascribed to: precipitation from groundwater to form concretions (Squyres et al. We offer full-service training and consultation services in partnership with the Utah MEP to accelerate the growth of manufacturers and rural businesses across the state. foreland basin is recorded in the early Proterozoic rocks of the Explore your options, risk free. Some moisture can be released by the devolatilization of the target rocks. 2010). The first seismic waves would have ballistic trajectory to about 5 times the estimated 130 km crater The image is part of a mosaic acquired on sol 952. The lapilli and other ejecta are propelled from the impact site at supersonic speeds. Thinner deposits of ejecta, possibly laid down on topographic highs, are commonly massive with reverse and normal grading. Here, they are medium- to fine-grained, with stringers and patches of small accretionary lapilli. They commonly do not have impact-derived sediment, i.e., devitrified glass or accretionary lapilli, mixed with the local debris. If traveling at 15 km/sec, the asteroid was about 4 km. In either case they would have been free particles interacting with the current that transported other sediments from the site of impact to the site of deposition, and thus the Sudbury impact deposit constitutes an important analog. service in advancing the understanding of the geology 4). 115 and 190 (chalcopyrite-rich ores) from Sudbury, 2010). Surges generated by subaerial, pyroclastic eruptions are low-concentration, high-velocity currents, which are dominated by high degrees of turbulence (Carey 1991, Orton 1996). 55th Annual Meeting, Institute on Lake Superior Geology, OGS OFR 6253, 108pp. professional colleagues who joined them on their quest 1973), at Songaksan mount (Chough and Sohn 1990), and at Cora Maar volcano (Gencalioglu-Kuscu et al. Ancient Meteorite Deposit in Minnesota - College of Science and Engineering Vredefort South Africa 300 2020 The lower two thirds of the deposit exhibit inverse, coarse-tail grading, going from very coarse-grained, granule-bearing sandstone at the base to pebbly, granule-rich, very coarse-grained sandstone with scattered accretionary lapilli. F) Coarse-grained sandstone, which lies above the more massive accretionary lapillirich bed (not present in this slab). the age of the Sudbury impact event. diameter, i.e., to 650 km distance from the impact centre. Sudbury, Vredefort and Chicxulub have been recognized as three Explore recent publications by USGS authors, Browse all of Pubs Warehouse by publication type and year, Descriptions of US Geological Survey Report Series, The Sudbury impact layer in the paleoproterozoiciron ranges of northern Michigan, USA, Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center. Sections through ejecta layers formed by the 1850 Ma Sudbury impact event provide data to begin development of such models. 5). but in the next 250 million years the O content The ejecta-bearing breccia layer has been found in ve of the seven major iron ranges (2005) and Edgar et al. refining for well over 100 years. preserve lapilli (Cannon et al., 2013). Thus, their mineralogy and geochemistry cause them to appear to be carbonate-rich concretions rather than lapilli generated by an impact on sialic crust. You could not be signed in. (Addison and Brumpton, 2012). A crater was formed 30 miles across and 2 miles deep. Why do we ask for your zip code? In contrast, in all outcrops observed to date by Opportunity, spherules are always highly dispersed relative to bedding (McLennan et al. 53rd Annual Meeting, Institute on Lake Superior Geology, The inner zones are coarser grained than outer zones. GSA Bulletin 2010;; 122 (1-2): 5075. Coordinates: 4645N 8045W Lake Wanapitei (also known as Lake Wahnapitae) occupies a meteorite crater in Sudbury, Ontario, Canada. PDF Extraterrestrial demise of banded iron formations 1.85 billion years ago Abs. Increased our clients' sales by more than $690 million. Story by Kathryn Hansen. 2007, Jirsa 2008, Addison et al. back of ejecta, slumping of initial crater walls, (for recent summaries of various aspects of this. There is a body of evidence on the gradual chemical evolution of the Scattered pebbles and rare accretionary lapilli, in matrix-support, occur at the base of this bed. 1. Note distinct geometric shapes of crystal molds, which crosscut primary lamination. About four minutes later the first 827-830. Because of subsequent erosion, the fallout from the impact is not preserved this volume). include 1) unmetamorphosed rock circa 1850 Ma; 2) 2.7Ga) pillow basalts to a Paleoproterozoic (ca. Grenville orogeny. Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer. Left) Stratigraphic architecture of the units present at site #1. This cross-stratification is also diagnostic of migrating eolian dunes, as indicated by the presence of meter-scale scours and wedge-shaped sets. the highest recognition bestowed by ILSG for province. Stratigraphy of the Burns formation exposed at Burns cliff and within Eagle crater, Meridiani Planum. The absence of concentrated spherule beds points to a different origin, perhaps as diagenetic concretions. impact, the northern margin of the basin, near Thunder Bay, Comparison of their size and spacing has been presented by McLennan et al. By continuing to use our website, you are agreeing to our, American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Cushman Foundation for Foraminiferal Research, Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland. 193-196. Kissin,SA, Okamoto,M, Addison,WD and Brumpton,GR (2000) These are overlain by lapilli stringers and isolated lapilli in parallel-laminated to cross-stratified sandstone. These massive beds with scattered accretionary lapilli probably formed as a result of an increase in the rainout of material from suspension, which will suppress the formation of parallel lamination (Arnott and Hand 1989). 2. Note the stringers of lapilli are associated with, and overlain by, coarser sand-sized material than that constituting the underlying layer. This great event seems to have ended the period of banded iron formation. Centimeter-scale trough cross-lamination is particularly well developed at Erebus crater, where additional features suggestive of desiccation also are present. By continuing to use our website, you are agreeing to our, The Chocolay Group, Lake Superior region, U.S.A.: Sedimentologic evidence for deposition in basinal and platform settings on an early Proterozoic craton, Impact spherules from Karelia, Russia: Possible ejecta from the 2.02 Ga Vredefort impact event. In thicker deposits, the accretionary lapillibearing portion of sections generally progresses upward from decimeter-scale beds of clast-supported lapilli interlayered with centimeter-scale sandstone beds, to parallel and undulatory laminated lapilli, and sandstones. "Rock of the Month #159, posted for September 2014" --- the latter with 1.85 Ga occurs within the Baraga Group of northern. The recently discovered distal ejecta from the 1850Ma Sudbury impact event contain abundant accretionary lapilli generated during the impact and deposited at great distances from the crater. These deposits highlight the improbability of the spherules in the strata observed at Meridiani Planum being related to an impact event. Implement the latest cybersecurity frameworks and mitigate risk. 8) will enhance our understanding of the environmental consequences of impact during the oldest time period in Earth history. In the first case (Fig. Here, the absence of accretionary lapilli in the basal portion of the deposits is attributed to a two-stage process. Regional geology suggests that the deposit is of late Noachian age and thus likely in excess of 3.5 Ga. In northern Michigan the Sudbury impact, some 550 km to the east, produced a modelled magnitude 10.5 earthquake, about 30 times stronger than any recently recorded earthquake. Note that spherules are highly dispersed throughout both facies and are not concentrated along stratification boundaries. Sudbury Impact Breccia and Fe-Formation - Michigan Technological University The image was obtained on sol 307. In this turbulent cloud of ejecta, some of the ash and vapor coalescesmuch like hail stones form during thunder stormsto create small spheres called accretionary lapilli. 46th Annual Meeting, Institute on Lake Superior Geology, Where road closures will impact weekend travel throughout Michigan quartz and feldspar. The layer at the sites in Michigan exhibits a range of thicknesses, lithologic characters, and sedimentary settings. Documenting and interpreting the detailed characteristics of the Sudbury ejecta horizon in Michigan have yielded a fingerprint to identify this chronostratigraphic marker in other Paleoproterozoic basins. See text for further discussion. did not consider the environmental costs of the operations, After 1.85 Billion years the striations on the shatter cone illustrated above are still recognizable. The local Gunflint chert is noted for a range of BREAKING: Michigan Lands Elite Edge Rusher - Sports Illustrated 2. near the contact of the Gunflint iron formation and overlying Rove some evidence for a paleosol, as well as associated volcanic rocks with appreciable vol.59 part 1, 83pp., 14-15, Houghton, MI. Well-documented examples occur in the Ordovician volcanics of the English Lake District The Sudbury impact layer in the paleoproterozoiciron ranges of northern Concentrations of spherules should be particularly abundant along scour surfaces, where erosive lags would have developed. The more distant ejecta blanket was discovered only recently near Thunder Bay, Ontario, and later in other parts of the Lake Superior region. A complimentary service for Utah manufacturers. Coin is 26 mm. Smith and Katzman (1991) describe eolian deposits from the Jemez Mountains volcanic field, New Mexico, that are similar to facies A and B. are now widely accepted to be, at least in part. Stromatolites occur at most localities, unconformably tsunami deposits. all deposited on older banded iron formation and Bay. 1). later mountain-building episodes, including the 1). We'll help you identify your company's pain points and find solutions that create sustainable, positive change for your people, your processes, and your bottom line. Department of Geological and Mining Engineering and Sciences | Michigan . black chert breccia; 3) The Thunder Bay area is some 660 km from the impact site. The Sudbury impact deposit includes all strata containing material that was moved laterally due to the impact event. Deposits here appear to be consistently thicker than in other areas, even though these sites are more distal than those in Michigan and Ontario. A layer 25 to 70 cm thick is identified The pebbles, and more rarely up to boulder-sized clasts, are randomly orientated in this matrix. Shock features, particularly planar deformation features, are remarkably well preserved in localized zones within the ejecta, whereas in other zones, mineral replacement, primarily carbonate, has significantly altered or destroyed ejecta features. Names and letters on the left side denote the approximate stratigraphic locations of key rocks and targets. chemical sediments with variable E) A large block of underlying bedrock encased in accretionary lapillirich ejecta. Only the uppermost part of the layer at Gunflint Lake contains true ejectathe most obvious of which are accretionary lapilli. time-line from the heavens. Section through one of the outcrops in the area demarked site #2 on Figure 1. 1850 my ago, there was a huge impact crater formed at Sudbury, Ontario, 500 km E of Negaunee. An ejecta layer produced by the Sudbury impact event ca. Abs. . B) Enlargement of the upper left of outcrop in A showing a trough-shaped erosive scour cutting interlayered parallel- to wavy-laminated accretionary lapilli and sand-rich beds, and filled by trough cross-stratified sandstone. The pebble breccia is overlain in some sections by accretionary lapilli beds with clast-supported textures. The history of the Penokean 56th Annual Meeting, Institute on Lake Superior Geology, The Sudbury impact layer in the Paleoproterozoic iron ranges of northern Michigan, USA, Geological Society of America Bulletin . 2E). I) Pancam image of ejecta blanket deposited on Burns formation bedrock at Victoria crater, along the east face of Cabo Frio. Pye,EG, Naldrett,AJ and Giblin,PE (editors) (1984) The Geology froodite, michenerite and sudburyite. The recent discovery of strata formed as a result of the Sudbury impact event (Addison et al. Here, we summarize the key observations that relate to the physical emplacement of these sedimentary rocks for the purpose of comparison with the Sudbury impact deposit. 1999, 2005; Warme et al. Bedding dips steeply to the right, and the trace of the contact runs nearly vertically through the image and is to the right of the center of the image. Both grain size and sedimentary structures indicate a succession deposited by an impact-generated base surge during decelerating flow. include 1) unmetamorphosed rock circa 1850 Ma; 2) The Sudbury impact layer most commonly lies at a horizon that records a significant change in the character of sediments across the region. In response to the letter, it stated: "Those practices will be discontinued, and we will abide by the new Supreme Court ruling concerning legal standards that applies to race-based admissions and . The leading front of the ground-hugging flow advanced in front of the overlying, billowing ash cloud and, thus, did not receive ash pellets to transform into accretionary lapilli. 6), suggesting that the material was reworked by tsunamis. In other locations, in an area covering a few square kilometers, layers of upper-flow-regime, parallel-laminated, medium-grained sandstone separate the breccia from the accretionary lapillirich beds (lapillistone) (Fig. iMpact Utah 2009; Edgar et al. The normally graded portion was probably deposited from suspension. This facies is interpreted as an interdune sand sheet deposit. This led Addison et al. Undulatory layering associated with parallel lamination similar to that present in the Sudbury impact deposits has been described from base surge deposits in the Laacher See area (Schmincke et al. When you're ready to transform, grow, and pivot your business, we'll show you where to start and how to keep going. Business Excellence Optimization Assessment. vol.52 part 1, 72pp., 10-11, Sault Ste. Philip Fralick, John Grotzinger, Lauren Edgar, 2012. B) Another example of a scoured depression filled by a remnant of granule-rich sandstone. In addition, there are other, more specific factors that are inconsistent with these models. layer, which was succeeded by black shale of the Virginia and Rove some 60% and 98.5% into the current age of the Sun and its retinue of 2F). Sites closer to the crater generally do not contain accretionary lapilli in areas of the deposit where boulders of underlying lithologies or lapilli-sized devitrified glass are common. However, see the following section for a discussion of alternatives. 59th Annual Meeting, Institute on Lake Superior Geology, Karman,MM and Fralick,PW (2013) Michigan Football Sleepers For 2023: Defensive Line If impact-generated lapilli on Mars prove to be just as susceptible to replacement, their distribution within the strata will be of paramount importance in formulating the correct interpretation of their origin. Very coarse-grained sandstone with granules fills the scour. D) Pancam image of trough (or festoon) cross-lamination (upper Overgaard, Erebus crater). arrived about 1.5 minutes after the impact, and caused slumping was very shallow to subaerial, with algal The near-surface rock layers were fractured and rotated by the strong earthquake produced by the impact (Addison et al. discoveries in both pure and applied science. and Ore Deposits of the Sudbury Structure. Aftermath This newly discovered, 2-4-m-thick horizon accumulated in a peritidal environment during a minor sea-level lowstand that punctuated a period of . 1850 Ma Sudbury impact event in the Baraga Group, Michigan: Geology 35:827-830. and 213 (lapilli tuff, Kakabeka Falls, from the Sudbury event). Institute on Lake Superior Geology, Blaine has coached for over 30 years with various youth clubs. The Great Lakes tectonic zone (GLTZ) is bounded by South Dakota at its tip and heads northeast to south of Duluth, Minnesota, then heads east through northern Wisconsin, Marquette, Michigan, and then trends more northeasterly to skim the northernmost shores of lakes.. Algoman orogeny added landmass to the Superior province by volcanic activity and continental collision along a boundary that . is a more plausible explanation for the phenomenal mines (Cannon et al., 2013). Finally, localized reworking of the ejecta and breccia units by tsunamis produced the uppermost unit of mixed fragments and lapilli. 228pp. event occurred 18501 Ma, 650 to 875 km to the east Earth impact database Sudbury Wiki Remote Sensing of Impact structures 10 greatest impact craters on Earth Minnesota discovery of Sudbury breccia Terrestrial Impact craters Images of Impact craters McClure Impactite Field Trip Big Nickel Gosses Bluff Impact Crater, Northern Territory, Australia Day 5 Center) Flows with low sediment concentrations are fully turbulent, and particles will become hydraulically sorted according to grain size. The orebodies at Sudbury include a variety of (5) Pufahl, P.K., Hiatt, E.E., Stanley, C.R., Morrow, J.R., Nelson, G.J., and Edwards, C.T., 2007, Physical and chemical evidence of the 1850 Ma Sudbury impact event in the Baraga Group, Michigan: Geology, v. 35, pp. Knauth et al. Zircon crystals from nearby tuffaceous horizons They emphasize that the styles of stratification in the eolian deposits are distinct from those of interbedded base surge deposits, making their differentiation possible. Backfilling strata fill scours, building in an upstream direction, and extend laterally outside the scour on the downstream side to drape the underlying scoured beds (Fig. Continuing evaluation of the current stream of data being returned from active missions, supplemented by future landed missions, will further refine our understanding of each one of these different surface processes in creating a stratigraphic record. Most known occurrences in Ontario and the northern US We would like to thank John Spray and Horton Newsom for critical reviews, in addition to comments by Editor Ralph Milliken, which led to improvements in the manuscript. Discovery of the Sudbury impact layer in Michigan, USA. vol. This outcrop (Tipuna) represents the uppermost 3040 cm of the Burns middle unit. 1986). The lowermost impact-generated bed consists of matrix-supported, rounded to angular, granule- to pebble-sized chert fragments in coarse to very coarse sand. Sudbury - impact crater group - Google Sites Drafting of figures related to the Sudbury deposits was performed by Sam Spivik. 81 (sperrylite, Pt arsenide), 97 (massive sulphides), Yet, the Chicxulub event caused world-wide extinction of many species, including dinosaurs. for He's currently finding great success leading the Impact United Premier 1 U13 Boys team.
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