OBED KEALOTSWE THE AICS AS AN AFRICAN PHENOMENON The African dependent Churches (AICs) are a major form of Christianity Africa. Although anti-slavery efforts became organised in Europe in the 18th century, the slave trade only came to an end in the early 19th century, thanks in large part to English efforts to block shipping to the French during the Napoleonic Wars. Although not a major power anymore, Portugal participated in the competition, especially by sending out explorers to solidify their claim to all of the land between Angola and Mozambique. Colonial authorities did nothing to stop the slave trade, which had sympathisers even among the several native African tribes, and many became wealthy by supporting it, while the traders themselves generated huge profits with which they secured allies in Africa and Portugal. In the 1950s, after World War II, several African territories became independent from their European rulers, but the oldest Europe-ruled territories, those ruled by Portugal, were rebranded "Overseas Provinces" from the former designation as Portuguese colonies. To subscribe to email alerts, please log in first, or sign up for a DeepDyve account if you dont already have one. (e) Desire to indigenize ChristianityDavid Barrett argues that independency reflects a rebellion against a Christianity that had become over-Europeanised.21There was a longing in the hearts of several Africans to find a mode of religious expression, which is psychologically and sociologically satisfying. PDF THE STORY OF THE AFRICAN INDEPENDENT CHURCHES And Its Implications for A History of Christianity in Africa - HistoryVille African independence movements - Wikipedia Many studies and researches have been done coverg the AICs the whole of Africa. The Rise of Independent African Churches, 1890-1930: An Ethical-genesis 1. Headquartered and managed in countries like Senegal, Tanzania, Algeria, Guinea and Ethiopia, these guerrilla movements sought weapons, financing and political support in Eastern Bloc's communist states and the People's Republic of China. Once the British had accepted the principle of cooperating with nationalist politicians, their other western African colonies began to follow the example set by the Gold Coast. African Indigenous Churches Chapter Two - Institute For Religious The Churches include the following from Nigeria: The Native Baptist Church (1888); The United Native African Church (1891); The African Church (1901); The Christ Army Church (1915) and the United African Methodist Church (Eleja- 1917). During the late 1830s, the government headed by Marquis S da Bandeira tried to encourage Portuguese farmers to migrate to Angola, with little success. Marxist-Leninist and Maoist ideologies, backed by countries like the Soviet Union and People's Republic of China were behind the nationalist guerrilla movements created to attack Portuguese possessions and claim independence. The other colonies were not so well placed. Who are the http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png, http://www.deepdyve.com/lp/edinburgh-university-press/the-rise-of-the-african-independent-churches-and-their-present-life-in-ZqOQVpFdGl. The Contribution of African Initiated Churches to the - IISTE You can change your cookie settings through your browser. Weekend with the CEO: Mo, closeted violinist with TikTok addiction, Comedy sheds light on poverty and how hustlers stay alive, Beyond the Canvas: Avni captures the spirit of Kenyan life, World Kiswahili Day: The most popular songs of all time. Despite the opposition, the French government drafted young Algerians into the French army for World War I.[1]. At times, that caused friction, such as when both British and Portuguese explorers claimed the Shire Highlands (located in modern Malawi), but for the most part Great Britain supported the Portuguese position in exchange for incorporating Portugal's holdings into the British economic sphere. The question continued to reappear until 1885 when it was enshrined in the agreements that emanated from the Congress of Berlin. All DeepDyve websites use cookies to improve your online experience. Du . l|. They were all evangelists with special charisma. Ethiopianism | Description, History, & Ideology | Britannica Require these words, in this exact order. The EPLF withdrew to a mountain base in northern Eritrea, around the town of Nakfa. Between 1845 and 1900, the European population of Angola rose from 1,832 to only about 9,000. Discuss. "Zionist churches" (e.g. Africans resisted strongly against the interference with their political freedom and economic resources. To induce Europeans to move to its African holdings, the Portuguese government resorted to releasing degradadosconvicted criminalsfrom prison in exchange for accepting what amounted to exile in Africa. 28/5/2020 0 Comments Discuss five reasons that led to the emergence of independent churches and schools in Kenya during the colonial period. The Rise of the African Independent Churches and Their Present Life in [2]" Due to the powerful settler population, A t Ahmed believed that Algeria could only achieve independence if the movement became relevant in the international political arena. The African Independent Churches also arose to fight against the suppression of cultural beliefs and practices. Thanks for helping us catch any problems with articles on DeepDyve. Rebellion that gave rise to independent schools. In November 1972, both movements were recognised by the OAU in order to promote their merger. As the economic crunch was biting harder, and out of desperation, the colonial administration summarily closed some public institutions manned by the whites. In a meeting held in March 1929, it was resolved that the practice of female circumcision was evil and had to be abandoned by all Christians failing which they would be suspended from the church. The Rise of the African Independent Churches and Their Present Life in Botswana. 2023 DeepDyve, Inc. All rights reserved. The result, during 194850, was the virtual suppression of the RDA in Africa by the colonial administrations. PDF AN INTRODUCTION TO INDEPENDENT AFRICAN CHURCHES - BiblicalStudies.org.uk In FebruaryJune 1982, The EPLF managed to repulse Ethiopia's much heralded four-month "Red Star" campaign (aka the 6th offensive by Eritreans) inflicting more than 31,000 Ethiopian casualties. Most significantly, it prevented the French from taking advantage of treaties signed by one of its explorers (Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza) with Africans living along the north side of the Congo River. In 1926 a Legislative Assembly was created to represent German, Afrikaans, and English-speaking white residents. By that time, the PAIGC started receiving military support from the Socialist Bloc, mainly from Cuba, a support that would last until the end of the war. Mitchell contends that What motivated the Aladura leaders and their followers was a desire to reform existing Mission Protestant Christianity and make it more relevant to the needs of the daily African life. The fact is that these religious movements did not emerge in a historical or social vacuum. What has Africa gained from 'independence' anyway? Henry Louis Gates' new book traces the institution's role in history, politics, and culture. [5], In addition, the Algerian war for independence inspired liberationists in South Africa. The people of Eritrea, after finding out peaceful resistance against Ethiopia's rule was falling on deaf ears formed the Eritrean Liberation Movement (ELM) which was formed in 1958. The history and importance of the Black Church - Harvard Gazette This situation can be reviewed briefly among the five main regions of Africa, describing some of The federation went into effect September 11, 1952. The RDA and its members in the French National Assembly aligned themselves with the French Communist Party, the only effective opposition to the governments of the Fourth Republic. During the 17th century, they lost control of everything north of Cape Delgado to Arabs from Oman (who established the Sultanate of Zanzibar), leaving them with major ports at Mozambique, Quelimane, and Loureno Marques, plus settlements along the Zambezi and other rivers. (ii) What motivated the Aladura leaders and their followers was a desire to reform existing Mission Protestant Christianity and make it more relevant to the needs of the daily African life (R.C. (c) Mass MovementsAnother agency, which stimulated the rise and growth of AICs, was the emergence of charismatic figures that led mass movements towards Christianity. A report from Battalion No. Its guerrilla fighters attacked the Portuguese headquarters in Tite, located to the south of Bissau, the capital, near the Corubal river . The Botswana's history of independent churches has been greatly influenced by the famous healer and prophetess, Mrs. Christinah Nku, who in 1952 founded the St John Apostolic Faith Mission in South Africa and during her trips to Bechuanaland Protectorate she blessed and prayed for several men and women who later founded their own churches. This region would be retaken by large military operations that, however, would not stop the spread of the guerrilla actions to other regions of Angola, such as Cabinda, the east, the southeast and the central plateaus. Close to God and the people - D+C Development and Cooperation It was Portugal's claim to the land on either side of the mouth of the Congo River that triggered the events leading up to the Congress of Berlin. African Independent Churches, also known as African Indigenous Churches, African Initiated Churches, African Instituted Churches, or just AICs, represent well over 10,000. SummaryIn this chapter, we have tried to discuss the possible factors that were responsible for the emergence of the AICs. The series of guerrilla wars involving Portugal and several armed nationalist groups from Africa in its overseas provinces of Angola, Guinea, and Mozambique, become known as the Portuguese Colonial War (Guerra Colonial or Guerra do Ultramar). You can see your Bookmarks on your DeepDyve Library. [3] Women took part as combatants, spies, fundraisers, and couriers, as well as nurses, launderers, and cooks. When the common people of Portugal did choose to emigrate, they were much more likely to head to Brazil and other territories than to Africa. Three others seemed to have been inspired by nationalistic feelings. The Black Church | American Experience | Official Site | PBS The civil war erupted from anger regarding one party rule and ever increasing unemployment rates in Algeria. Spain concluded in 1968 that the best way to preserve its interests in equatorial Africa was to grant independence to its people without preparing them for it. Kfhkxw7/jG/'>8QH* w6dx4]'!_^~FKk-pd7YgPb`h9dcQc'l!{2GF9E`NV\Y{"';$"/);p80gW)$ 7++I.s_~pTsdmKRRadbW_AH!S3*`_d>"Sz qRd}_Kl~fcoe5wfqA^p`zT{:kG/ N&|7EOj.q@K{eVx2/Q Until April 1970, the military activity of FRELIMO increased steadily, mainly due to the strategic work of Samora Machel in the region of Cabo Delgado. 2023 DeepDyve, Inc. All rights reserved. A reading of the remediations of the Brazilian Pentecostal church - the Universal Church of the Kingdom of God (IURD) - demonstrates that the simulacrum of global evangelical presence as put forward by the IURD is supported by the interplay between the desire for immediacy and the experience of hypermediacy, but also by the close resemblance bet. [6] However, the liberationists were unsuccessful in implementing Alergian strategy into their independence movement. The problem of central politics was thus resolved when the northern leaders entered a coalition federal government with the NCNC, and in 1960 Nigeria became independent. 558 of the Portuguese army makes references to violent actions, also in Cabo Delgado, on August 21, 1964. Discuss five reasons that led to the emergence of independent churches They were also demoralised by the steady growth of the influence of the liberation supporters among the population that was being recruited in large numbers by the PAIGC. [2] With Hadj's leadership, the party won multiple municipal offices. Notable independence movements took place: For a list of African nations achieving independence, see Decolonisation of Africa. At this juncture it occurred to the northern leaders that by allying themselves to one of the southern parties they might maintain their local monopoly of power and gain prestige in the country as a whole by asking for its independence. [1] In the 1920s and 30s, there was an Islamic revival led by the ulama, and this movement became the basis for opposition to French rule in Algeria. The first cause was the small size of Portugal's population, coupled with the lack of popular support for overseas empire. The Napoleonic Wars added a new force to the Portuguese political scenerepublicanismintroduced as an alternative to the monarchy by French troops in 1807. Quite a number of independent clergymen criticised the leadership of the Mission Churches who they claimed, put so many obstacles in the way of the African converts by imposing on them European customs and traditions.Consequently, the new African movements, in a bid to correct the foreignness of the Church, took into consideration the African culture and religious consciousness. Incidentally, a number of ministers heeded the advice to close down their churches and preaching stations. [3] Origins They were placed on your computer when you launched this website. What is surprising, however, is that by the close of the 1950s . Apostolic Church of Johanne Marange. IN GHANA 1. They saw a close similarity between the Christian God and the God they worshipped traditionally. These prophetic figures organized evangelistic crusades in several localities. 5 Oosthuizen, George C. "Interpretation of Demonic Powers in Southern African Independent Churches." . The government will make it clear that our progress, our hope, our ambitions will only be fulfilled if we have hard work . Read and print from thousands of top scholarly journals. This strategy culminated in the assassination of Amlcar Cabral in January 1973. Control over basic administrative matters, including taxation, was surrendered to the new assembly, while matters pertaining to defence and native affairs remained in the hands of an administrator-general. Some erudite scholars have stood their grounds in support of and in recognition of African Independent Churches. (f) Passion for a purer form of ChristianitySome African prophetic leaders seceded from the Main-line churches because of what they perceived to be the failures of ministers in the established churches to live up to the call of the Bible and the alienation of the Church hierarchy from the spiritual needs of the common people.In Ghana, for example, the members of the Methodist Society -Akonomnsu(water-drinkers) which broke away from the Methodist Church at Anomabu in 1862, were convinced teetotallers. This was in form of the Xhosa and Ndebele wars of the 17th c and the Zulu wars of 1870s led by Cetewayo. In British West Africa the tensions were greatest in the Gold Coast. British-ruled Kenya was the place of a rebellion from 1952 to 1960, an insurgency by Kenyan rebels against the British colonialist rule. With some strategic changes by Antnio Spnola in the late 1960s, the Portuguese forces gained momentum and, taking the offensive, became a much more effective force. The Bible taught that we were all equal in the eyes of God. This trend should be understood partly as a rejection of European models and partly as resistance to white hegemony. African Indigenous Churches Religion in Zimbabwe